Verda Drako- Esperanto Club Notes and English-Esperanto Course

1). Re-

This prefix has the same two meanings it has in English : again (repeat, reiterate) and back (reverse, recoil).

Notice that Esperanto is more specific then English with 'return'

2). -Ist-

This affix is also used in English- meaning a job e.g. dentist, scientist, artist. In Esperanto it means either an occupation or a person with a hobby that takes a large amount of time.

3). -Er-

An affix which means an item or part of a larger whole e.g.

Ero can be used independently for an item on an agenda.

4). -Ul-

Affix which shows a person showing the characteristic of the root e.g.

5). -Il-

Affix which indicates a tool e.g.

Ilo can be used independently as a tool or instrument.

6). -Id-

Affix which shows offspring e.g.

^safo (sheep) ^safido (lamb) ; hundo (dog) hundido (puppy)

Ido can be used on its own to mean 'offspring'.

A misguided attempt to 'improve' Esperanto was published in 1907 under the name Ido (supposedly the offspring of Esperanto). It is now totally forgotten.

7). Numbers

We have already met the first ten numbers for the first ten chapter headings of this course. Now is the time to do all the cardinal numbers.

1 unu 2 du 3 tri 4 kvar 5 kvin 6 ses 7 sep 8 ok 9 naû 10 dek

Being Esperanto we, of course, now follow on logically.

The numbers 11-99 have two digits and so we use two separate words (except where we have a zero such as 20, 30 ..)

20 dudek 21 dudek unu 22 dudek du 23 dudek tri .. .. 30 tridek 31 tridek unu

40 kvardek 50 kvindek 60 sesdek 70 sepdek 80 okdek 90 naûdek 94 naûdek kvar

A hundred is cent so 134 is cent tridek kvar (3 digits, 3 words); 547 is kvincent kvardek sep,

999 is naûcent naûdek naû.

A thousand is mil so 1998 is mil naûcent naûdek ok (4 digits, 4 words); 4721 is kvarmil sepcent dudek unu.

For very large numbers we use miliono, which is a noun and so, unlike the lower numerals, can take endings e.g. du milionoj. At this stage the 'one word, one figure' rule does not apply as it would lead to very awkward forms. After this noun we must use da e.g. du milionoj da frankoj (two million francs). If, however, it is followed by smaller non-noun numbers this is no longer true e.g. tri milionoj, kvinmil kvarcent guldenoj (3 005 400 guilders)

Using the affix -ul- we get milionulo = millionaire.

Biliono is confusing as a British billion (a million million) is very different to an American or continental billion (thousand million). Hence we have two other words miliardo = 1 000 000 000 (10 to the power 9) US billion and duiliono = 1 000 000 000 000 (10 to the power 12) UK billion. Both are so rare that we can safely forget them. -iliono actually means the numbers of 10's to the power 6 included so duiliono = 10 to the power 12 and triiliono 10 to the power 18, kvariliono 10 to the power 24 ktp.

However when 'spelling out' numbers e.g. telephone numbers we also need a zero. This is nulo (a naught) or nul (zero,nil)

to behave	kondut/-i	E : conduct	masterpiece	majstroverk/-o
to compose, write literature	verk/-i		mathematics	matematik/-o
to forget	forges/-i		mile	mejl/-o
to shut	ferm/-i	F : fermer	pound (£)	pund/-o	Irish : punt
to swim	na^g/-i		publication	eldonad/-o	'giving-out'
to take	pren/-i	F : prendre	shape	form/-o
to throw	^jet/-i	F : jeter	side	flank/-o	E : flanks
to use	uz/-i		sport	sport/-o
to wait	atend/-i	F : attendre	sugar	suker/-o	E : sucrose
baker	bakist/-o		wine	vin/-o
bread	pan/-o	F : pain	electric	elektr/-a
bus	bus/-o		right (as in angle)	ort/-a	E : orthogonal
charity	almoza fonda^jo	'alms foundation'	also	ankaû
computer	komputil/-o		even	eˆc
distance	distanc/-o		miserly	avar/-e	E : avarice
door	pord/-o	E : portal	decently, appropriately	dec/-e
Earth	Ter/-o	E : terrestial	pregnant	graved/-a
fish	fi^s/-o		sharp	akr/-a	E : acrid
football	futbal/-o		in order to	por	(followed by the infinitive)
fountain	fontan/-o		owing to, because of	pro
hexagon	sesangulo	six-angle	that is (i.e.)	tio estas (t.e.)
lamp	lamp/-o

legi	to read	relegi	to reread	veni	to come	reveni	to come back, return
skribi	to write	reskribi	to rewrite	iri	to go	reiri	to go back, return
vidi	to see	^gis la revido	until the re-see, goodbye	salti	to jump	resalti	to jump back, recoil

dento	tooth	dentisto	dentist
muziko	music	muzikisto	musician
Esperanto	Esperanto	Esperantisto	Esperantist

mono	money	monero	coin
ne^go	snow	ne^gero	snowflake
pluvo	rain	pluvero	raindrop

juna	young	junulo	a youth
ri^ca	rich	ri^culo	rich person
sankta	sacred	sanktulo	saint

tran^ci	to cut	tran^cilo	a knife
kombi	to comb	kombilo	a comb
^slosi	to lock	^slosilo	a key